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| Two King Penguins and one Gentoo Penguin |
Some recent sources apply the phylogenetic taxon
Spheniscidae to what here is referred to as Spheniscinae. Furthermore, they restrict the phylogenetic taxon
Sphenisciformes to flightless taxa, and establish the phylogenetic taxon
Pansphenisciformes as equivalent to the Linnean taxon Sphenisciformes,
i.e., including any flying basal "proto-penguins" to be discovered eventually. Given that neither the relationships of the penguin subfamilies to each other nor the placement of the penguins in the avian phylogeny is presently resolved, this is confusing, so the established Linnean system is thus followed here.
